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<title>Battle of Chapultepec</title>

Battle of Chapultepec

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</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Chapultepec</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"> Illustration of the battle by <a href="Carl_Nebel" title="Carl Nebel">Carl Nebel</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>September 12–13, 1847</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="Chapultepec_Castle" title="Chapultepec Castle">Chapultepec Castle</a>, <a href="Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">

American victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<a href="Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Santa Anna</a> <a href="Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo">Nicolás Bravo</a> <a href="Felipe_Santiago_Xicot%C3%A9ncatl" title="Felipe Santiago Xicoténcatl">Felipe Xicoténcatl</a> <a href="Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

2,000<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

1,232</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

138 killed 673 wounded<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a> 29 missing<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 321 </td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 killed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 632 wounded or captured</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div id="Mexico_City_Campaign1707" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mexico City Campaign</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blockade_of_Veracruz" title="Blockade of Veracruz">1st Veracruz</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolt_of_the_Polkos" title="Revolt of the Polkos">Polkos</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">2nd Veracruz</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" title="Battle of Cerro Gordo">Cerro Gordo</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Contreras</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Churubusco</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Mexico City</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Molino_del_Rey" title="Battle of Molino del Rey">Molino del Rey</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_for_Mexico_City#Attacks_on_the_Belén_and_San_Cosme_Gates" title="Battle for Mexico City">Belén and San Cosme Gates</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Puebla_(1847)" title="Siege of Puebla (1847)">Puebla</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Huamantla" title="Battle of Huamantla">Huamantla</a></li>

<li><a href="Action_of_Atlixco" title="Action of Atlixco">Atlixco</a></li>

<li><a href="Skirmish_at_Matamoros" title="Skirmish at Matamoros">Matamoros</a></li>

<li><a href="Affair_at_Galaxara_Pass" title="Affair at Galaxara Pass">Galaxara Pass</a></li>

<li><a href="Action_of_Sequalteplan" title="Action of Sequalteplan">Zacualtipan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battles_of_theMexican–American_War5220" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Battles_of_theMexican–American_War5220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_battles_of_the_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="List of battles of the Mexican–American War">Battles of the Mexican–American War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt><a href="Texas_Campaign" title="Texas Campaign">Texas Campaign</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Thornton_Affair" title="Thornton Affair">Thornton Affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Fort_Texas" title="Siege of Fort Texas">Fort Texas</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" title="Battle of Resaca de la Palma">Resaca de la Palma</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Conquest_of_California" title="Conquest of California">California Campaign</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Monterey" title="Battle of Monterey">Monterey</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Los_Angeles" title="Siege of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Chino" title="Battle of Chino">Chino</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Dominguez_Rancho" title="Battle of Dominguez Rancho">Dominguez Rancho</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Natividad" title="Battle of Natividad">Natividad</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_San_Pasqual" title="Battle of San Pasqual">San Pasqual</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rio_San_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rio San Gabriel">Rio San Gabriel</a></li>

<dl><dt>New Mexico Campaign</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Capture_of_Santa_Fe" title="Capture of Santa Fe">Santa Fe</a></li>

<li><a href="Capture_of_Tucson_(1846)" title="Capture of Tucson (1846)">Tucson</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_El_Brazito" title="Battle of El Brazito">El Brazito</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Ca%C3%B1ada" title="Battle of Cañada">Cañada</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Embudo_Pass" title="Battle of Embudo Pass">Embudo Pass</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Pueblo_de_Taos" title="Siege of Pueblo de Taos">Pueblo de Taos</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_River_Canyon_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Canyon Affair">Red River Canyon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cienega_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Cienega Affair">Cienega Creek</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Northern Mexican Theater</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Monterrey" title="Battle of Monterrey">Monterrey</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Buena_Vista" title="Battle of Buena Vista">Buena Vista</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Sacramento_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Sacramento River">Sacramento River</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Rosales" title="Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales">Santa Cruz de Rosales</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Mexico City Campaign</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Blockade_of_Veracruz" title="Blockade of Veracruz">1st Veracruz</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolt_of_the_Polkos" title="Revolt of the Polkos">Polkos</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">2nd Veracruz</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" title="Battle of Cerro Gordo">Cerro Gordo</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Contreras</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Churubusco</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Molino_del_Rey" title="Battle of Molino del Rey">Molino del Rey</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Puebla_(1847)" title="Siege of Puebla (1847)">Puebla</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Huamantla" title="Battle of Huamantla">Huamantla</a></li>

<li><a href="Action_of_Atlixco" title="Action of Atlixco">Atlixco</a></li>

<li><a href="Skirmish_at_Matamoros" title="Skirmish at Matamoros">Matamoros</a></li>

<li><a href="Affair_at_Galaxara_Pass" title="Affair at Galaxara Pass">Galaxara Pass</a></li>

<li><a href="Action_of_Sequalteplan" title="Action of Sequalteplan">Zacualtipan</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Pacific_Coast_campaign_(Mexican%E2%80%93American_War)" title="Pacific Coast campaign (Mexican–American War)">Pacific Coast Campaign</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Bombardment_of_Guaymas" title="Bombardment of Guaymas">Guaymas</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Muleg%C3%A9" title="Battle of Mulegé">Mulegé</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombardment_of_Punta_Sombrero" title="Bombardment of Punta Sombrero">Punta Sombrero</a></li>

<li><a href="Skirmish_of_Todos_Santos" title="Skirmish of Todos Santos">Todos Santos</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Mosquito Fleet</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="First_Battle_of_Tuxpan" title="First Battle of Tuxpan">1st Tuxpan</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_Tuxpan" title="Second Battle of Tuxpan">2nd Tuxpan</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Battle_of_Tuxpan" title="Third Battle of Tuxpan">3rd Tuxpan</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Battle_of_Tabasco" title="First Battle of Tabasco">1st Tabasco</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_Tabasco" title="Second Battle of Tabasco">2nd Tabasco</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>

The Battle of Chapultepec took place between U.S. troops and Mexican forces holding the strategically located <a href="Chapultepec_Castle" title="Chapultepec Castle">Chapultepec Castle</a> on the outskirts of <a href="Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> on the 13th of September, 1847 during the <a href="Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. The castle was built atop a 200-foot (61 m) hill in 1783, and in 1833 it was converted into a military academy and a gunpowder storage facility. The hill was surrounded by a wall 1,600 yards long.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a>

The battle was one of the most pivotal battles during the Mexican–American War as it paved the way to seize Mexico City and led to a decisive American victory. On the U.S. side the army was headed by General <a href="Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, who led a force totaling 7,200 men. The Mexican side was led by General <a href="Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a>, commander of the Mexican army, had formed an army of approximately 25,000 men. Chapultepec Castle was defended by General Nicholas Bravo and his infantry of approximately 832 men, including military cadets of the <a href="Heroic_Military_Academy_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroic Military Academy (Mexico)">Military Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a> They defended the position at Chapultepec against 2,000 U.S. troops. The Mexicans' loss opened the way for the U.S. to take the center of Mexico City.

This battle proved to be significant win for American forces as it led to the eventual occupation of Mexico City. However, the story at Chapultepec cemented itself in Mexican history, as an act of bravery by six young cadets known as the <a href="Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Niños Héroes">Niños Héroes</a>, who leapt to their deaths rather than die at the hands of American forces. According to legend, one of the cadets wrapped himself in the Mexican flag as he jumped so it would not be captured by the <a href="U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Although it lasted only about 60–90 minutes, the battle has great importance in the histories of both countries.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scott's_campaign_to_take_Mexico_City">Scott's campaign to take Mexico City</h2></div>

Scott marched inland from the port of Veracruz, going beyond his supply lines, which was seen as risky. He had fought a <a href="Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" title="Battle of Cerro Gordo">major battle at Cerro Gordo</a> but had encountered little resistance in capturing Mexico's second-largest city, <a href="Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a>. After his win, he made his way to Mexico City. Scott avoided the direct route from Puebla to Mexico City due to the heavily defended road to El Peñon.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> Instead, he took a shortcut, looping south of Lake Chalco and Lake Xochimilco to the town of San Agustín. The Mexican defenders blocked the route to the capital at Hacienda of San Antonio, with marshes to their north and a lava field to the south, known as the Pedregal. General <a href="Gideon_Johnson_Pillow" title="Gideon Johnson Pillow">Gideon Johnson Pillow</a>'s division cut a road for artillery through the Pedregal to engage the entrenched Mexican forces under General Gabriel Valencia at Contreras on the 20th of August. The Mexicans were rerouted and the U.S. forces pressed on. Santa Anna fortified the ex-convent at Churubusco and <a href="Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">fierce fighting</a> took place. A two-week armistice followed the battle and even though it was an American win, the losses were heavy on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

On September 8, 1847, Scott ordered William Worth to use his force of 3,250 men against the Molino del Rey building, approximately 1,000 yards from the castle itself.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a> This was known as the costly <a href="Battle_of_Molino_del_Rey" title="Battle of Molino del Rey">Battle of Molino del Rey</a>, where U.S. forces had managed to drive the Mexicans from their positions near the base of <a href="Chapultepec_Castle" title="Chapultepec Castle">Chapultepec Castle</a> guarding Mexico City from the west. Around 2,000 Mexican soldiers were killed or wounded in this battle. <a href="United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army engineers</a> surveyed the land to find the southern <a href="Causeways" class="mw-redirect" title="Causeways">causeways</a> to the city as they were still 1,000 yards from Mexico City, and both causeways led to Chapultepec castle.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 311 General Scott held a <a href="Council_of_war" title="Council of war">council of war</a> with his generals and engineers on September 11.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 311 Mexico City was fortified with a series of canals and gates serving as customs checkpoints and Scott favored attacking Chapultepec; and only General <a href="David_E._Twiggs" title="David E. Twiggs">David E. Twiggs</a> agreed.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 312 This was because it would offer a less hazardous route to the capital compared to the heavily fortified southern gates.<a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> However, the majority of Scott's officers favored the attack through the southern gates, including Captain <a href="Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 312 A young lieutenant, <a href="P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a>, gave a speech that persuaded General <a href="Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> to change his vote in favor of the Western attack.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 312 Given that Mexican forces defended fortified positions tenaciously and had inflicted severe casualties on U.S. forces at Molino del Rey and Cerro Gordo, the decision to attack Chapultepec was not taken lightly.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Santa_Anna's_Defense_of_Chapultepec">Santa Anna's Defense of Chapultepec</h2></div>

General Lopez de Santa Anna was in command of the army at Mexico City and understood that Chapultepec Castle was an important position to defend the entrance to the city.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 313 Chapultepec Castle was not intended to be used as a fortress but built as a luxury residence for viceroy Matias de Calves. It was strategically positioned with a 1,600-yard-long wall that was about 15 feet high.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a> The castle sat atop a 200-ft-tall hill and had been converted to the <a href="Heroic_Military_Academy_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroic Military Academy (Mexico)">Mexican Military Academy</a> (Colegio Militar) in 1841<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 313 Although Santa Anna's total forces defending Mexico City were larger than Scott's, he had to defend multiple positions since he was unaware of where the attack would come from. He did not have enough troops to effectively defend both the southern causeways into Mexico City and Chapultepec Castle at a distance from the capital. Steps were taken by Mexican forces to stop the US advance onto Mexico City. The academy was led by General José Mariano Monterde, who defended their position with about 100 cadets and a small number of defenders who had survived previous battles.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> The defense was supported by the San Blas Battalion, commanded by Colonel Felipe Santiago Xicoténcatl. The position was under the command of General Nicolás Bravo, a hero of the War of Independence. In May 1847, bells were melted down to be turned into cannonballs.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a> By the time US forces approached Chapultepec, American victories had significantly depleted the Mexican army's artillery reserves. The walls of Chapultepec castle were fortified with sandbags, stout beams and shallow trenches by digging.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a>

The majority of Santa Anna's army was made up of indigenous people who lacked the weaponry and training for battle. The Mexican Army faced significant challenges in terms of equipment and resources compared to the U.S. Army. Mexican accounts note the inferior quality of their clothing, citing outdated muskets and poorly constructed cannons.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> The castle's garrison consisted of a mix of regular Mexican soldiers and cadets from the Military Academy. On September 11th, before the battle, Colonel Nicolás Bravo ordered the evacuation of all cadets, of whom there were around 200. Many obeyed, some were taken home by their families, but about 50 cadets requested to stay and defend their school. This group was joined by several recently graduated cadets who had not yet been assigned to the National Army, as well as 19 administrative personnel, including the director, instructors, teachers, and even the school's quartermaster.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2></div>

At Chapultepec, General <a href="Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo">Nicolás Bravo</a> had fewer than 1,000 men<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 313 (832 total including 250 from the 10th Infantry, 115 from the Querétaro Battalion, 277 from the Mina Battalion, 211 from the Union Battalion, 27 from the Toluca Battalion and 42 from the Patria Battalion) and only seven guns (Gen. Manuel Gamboa with two 24-lb, one 8-lb, three 4-lb. and one howitzer) to hold the hill. These forces also included about 200 cadets, some as young as 13 years old. Also defending the castle was the <a href="Batall%C3%B3n_de_San_Blas" title="Batallón de San Blas">Batallón de San Blas</a> under the command of Lieutenant Colonel <a href="Felipe_Santiago_Xicotencatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe Santiago Xicotencatl">Felipe Xicoténcatl</a>, a hero of the battle, along with six cadets who died defending the castle. Thinking that the attack would come from the south, Santa Anna devoted preparation time and troops there, both before and during the bombardment. He did not realize his mistake until the U.S. troops were actually on the hill, but it was too late for reinforcements.

U.S. forces used its heavy artillery to bombard the castle before the infantry attacked. Chapultepec Castle was not intended to be used as a fortress and thus the 15-foot stone walls were still vulnerable to cannon fire as the buildings were not built for artillery.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> Scott's plan involved simultaneous attacks from multiple directions. The Mexican forces had attempted to fortify the defenses by digging shallow trenches and placing sandbags, but this was not sufficient. During the artillery bombardment, the defenders had nowhere to shelter and they had no way to defend against this attack from a distance. Destruction of the walls, sandbags, and other defenses was demoralizing for many defenders, and some began abandoning their positions, less than half had deserted. Santa Anna, with part of the army, was repelling another attack at the entrance to the Chapultepec Forest, east of the hill, and failed to realize that the main assault on the castle was coming from the west until it was too late. The San Blas Battalion, with only 400 men, faced the divisions of Worth, Quitman, and Pillow at the foot of the hill, fighting until nearly all were killed. <a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> Only when the bombardment went on all day did Santa Anna realize the main attack was to be on Chapultepec. If he sent forces there, they would be exposed to U.S. fire in the flat land below the hill, and they could not reach the hill to help the defenders there during the bombardment. Santa Anna consulted with Nicolás Bravo, confessing to him that many of his demoralized troops were also likely to melt away if sent into a situation that would result in high casualties.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

The U.S. Army took the former Archbishop's Palace in Tacubaya as their base of operations. Scott organized two storming parties of about 250 men each, including 40 Marines.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 313 The first party consisted of Captain Samuel Mackenzie's 256 men from <a href="Gideon_Pillow" class="mw-redirect" title="Gideon Pillow">Gideon Pillow</a>'s division, who would advance from the Molino east up the hill.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 313 The second storming party consisted of Captain <a href="Silas_Casey" title="Silas Casey">Silas Casey</a>'s men from <a href="John_A._Quitman" title="John A. Quitman">John A. Quitman</a>'s division, advancing along the Tacubaya Road,<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 313 but Casey was replaced by Major <a href="Levi_Twiggs" title="Levi Twiggs">Levi Twiggs</a>. Only Twiggs' division and <a href="Bennett_Riley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bennett Riley">Bennett Riley</a>'s brigade were left on the American right flank.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 312

The U.S. forces began an <a href="Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> <a href="Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">barrage</a> against Chapultepec at 7am on September 12 which lasted all day.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 312 It was halted at dark and resumed at first light on September 13.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 316 At 8:00 am, the bombardment was halted and General Scott ordered the infantry attack.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 316 Three assault columns formed. On the left were the <a href="11th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="11th Infantry Regiment (United States)">11th</a> and 14th Infantry under Colonel <a href="William_Trousdale" title="William Trousdale">William Trousdale</a> moving east along the Anzures aqueduct, in the center were four companies of the <a href="Regiment_of_Voltigeurs_and_Foot_Riflemen" title="Regiment of Voltigeurs and Foot Riflemen">Voltigeur regiment</a> under Colonel <a href="Timothy_Andrews_(general)" title="Timothy Andrews (general)">Timothy Patrick Andrews</a> along with the <a href="9th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="9th Infantry Regiment (United States)">9th</a> under Colonel <a href="Truman_Bishop_Ransom" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman Bishop Ransom">Truman Bishop Ransom</a> and the <a href="15th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="15th Infantry Regiment (United States)">15th Infantry</a> all moving through the swamp and western edge of the grove, and on the right were the remaining four Voltigeur companies under Lieutenant Colonel <a href="Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 316

Pillow was shot in the foot and called for reinforcements, which came from <a href="John_A._Quitman" title="John A. Quitman">John A. Quitman</a>'s division, but the attack faltered when fired upon by the Morelia Battalion battery.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 317 Pillow's command fell to General Cadwallader. Andrews's column cleared the grove of Mexican troops and linked up with Johnston.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 316 The attack by the 9th and 15th Infantries stalled waiting for scaling ladders, and Col. <a href="Truman_B._Ransom" title="Truman B. Ransom">Truman B. Ransom</a>, commander of the 9th Infantry, was killed.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 316–317

Quitman sent <a href="Persifor_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Persifor Smith">Persifor Smith</a>'s brigade to his right and brought in <a href="James_Shields_(politician%2C_born_1810)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Shields (politician, born 1810)">James Shields</a>, plus the New York and 2d Pennsylvania Regiments into the assault.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 317 At the same time, <a href="Newman_S._Clarke" title="Newman S. Clarke">Newman S. Clarke</a>'s brigade arrived on the western slope, as did the scaling ladders.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 317 The <a href="Voltigeurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltigeurs">Voltigeurs</a> soon planted their flag on the parapet.

By 9:00 am, General Bravo surrendered to the New York Regiment, and the American flag flew over the castle.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 318 Santa Anna watched the Americans take Chapultepec, while an aide exclaimed, "let the Mexican flag never be touched by a foreign enemy". He also exclaimed, "I believe if we were to plant our batteries in Hell, the damned Yankees would take them from us."<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 318

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Los_Niños_Héroes">Los Niños Héroes</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Niños Héroes">Niños Héroes</a></div>

Though Mexico undeniably lost the battle, the Battle of Chapultepec is a huge part of Mexican history and heritage. The day is commemorated as a national holiday due to the stories and legends produced.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> During the battle, <a href="Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Niños Héroes">five Mexican military cadets</a>, and one of their instructors, refused to fall back when General Bravo ordered a retreat; they fought to the death.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 316 These were teniente (lieutenant) Juan de la Barrera and cadets Agustín Melgar, Juan Escutia, Vicente Suárez, Francisco Márquez, and Fernando Montes de Oca, all between the ages of 13 and 20. According to legend, the last of the six, Juan Escutia, grabbed the <a href="Flag_of_Mexico" title="Flag of Mexico">Mexican flag</a>, wrapped it around himself, and jumped off the castle point to prevent the flag from falling into enemy hands. However, recent historians confirm that Escutia was actually a twenty-year-old soldier in the San Blas Battalion, not a cadet. He was also not a child at the time of the battle and there is no historical evidence to support the flag-leaping narrative. <a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> The official narrative about their actions, first promoted in 1852 and gaining greater prominence during the Porfiriato and in 1947, was shaped with nationalist purposes, turning their story into a heroic myth. <a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a>

In 1967, <a href="Gabriel_Flores" title="Gabriel Flores">Gabriel Flores</a> painted a mural depicting Los Niños Héroes.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The mural decorates the ceiling of the palace, showing Escutia wrapped in the flag, apparently falling from above.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This moment became cemented in Mexican history as a symbol of Mexican patriotism and resistance against foreign aggression. A monument stands in Chapultepec Park commemorating their courage and they are celebrated for their patriotism. Their remains are said to be interred at the Altar to the Fatherland, a site intended to solidify the Niños Héroes' place in Mexican memory. This was said to have occurred during a 1947 excavation that claimed to have uncovered the cadets’ remains, however there is no evidence to support this claim.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> The cadets are eulogized and became martyrs in <a href="History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican history</a> as los Niños Héroes, the Child Heroes or Heroic Cadets.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Patrick's_Battalion">Saint Patrick's Battalion</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Saint_Patrick's_Battalion" title="Saint Patrick's Battalion">Saint Patrick's Battalion</a></div>

During General Zachary Taylor's campaign along the Rio Grande, a significant number of U.S. soldiers<s>,</s> deserted and fled to Mexico. Mexican authorities offered incentives for these deserters to join their ranks, and they formed the Batallon de San Patricio. Thirty men from the <a href="Saint_Patrick's_Battalion" title="Saint Patrick's Battalion">Saint Patrick's Battalion</a>, a group of former <a href="United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> soldiers who joined the Mexican side, were executed en masse during the battle for their desertion. These men were historically Irish soldiers, who held no loyalty to the U.S. army. They had been previously captured at the <a href="Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Battle of Churubusco</a>. Colonel <a href="William_S._Harney" title="William S. Harney">William S. Harney</a> specified that they were to be hanged with Chapultepec in view and that the precise moment of their death was to occur when the U.S. flag replaced the Mexican tricolor atop the citadel, which occurred at 9:30 am that morning.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles_for_the_Belén_and_San_Cosmé_Gates">Battles for the Belén and San Cosmé Gates</h3></div>

The fall of Chapultepec led to a key engagement known as the Battle of San Belen and Cosme Gate, which was part of the U.S. assault on Mexico City in September 1847. The battle involved coordinated attacks by General Winfield Scott's forces on two entry points into the city: the San Cosme Gate and the Belén Gate.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> General Scott arrived at the castle and was mobbed by cheering American soldiers following their victory.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 318

<a href="William_J._Worth" title="William J. Worth">William J. Worth</a>'s division was sent by Scott to support Trousdale's men on La Verónica Causeway (now Avenida Melchor Ocampo) for the main attack against the San Cosme Gate.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 319 Defended by Gen. Rangel's Granaderos Battalion, part Matamoros, Morelia, and Santa Anna Battalions (Col. Gonzalez), part 3d Light (Lt. Col. Echeagaray), & 1st Light (Comdt. Marquez) Trousdale, followed by <a href="John_Garland_(general)" title="John Garland (general)">John Garland</a>, <a href="Newman_S._Clarke" title="Newman S. Clarke">Newman Clarke</a>, and <a href="George_Cadwalader" title="George Cadwalader">George Cadwalader</a>'s brigades, began advancing up the causeway.

Meanwhile, General Quitman quickly gathered the troops in Chapultepec, except the 15th Infantry, who guarded the castle and prisoners, and designed as a feint, headed down the Belén Causeway, stopping at the Belen Garita.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 318 The gate was manned by the Morelia Battalion, under the command of General Andrés Terrés' (three guns and 180 men: 2d Mexico Activos) and the paseo to the north by General Ramirez.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 318 Troops began to desert, and when Terres ran out of ammunition, he withdrew into the Ciudadela.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 319 Led by the Mounted Rifles (fighting on foot), Quitman breached the Belén Gate at 1:20 pm.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 319 General Scott later praised their effort, remarking, "Brave Rifles, you have gone through fire and come out steel".<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 319

Worth started his advance down the San Cosme causeway at 4:00 pm, having fended off an attack by 1,500 of Torrejon's cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 320 Garland's brigade used the arches of the aqueduct to advance on the right.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 320 Clarke's men on the right passed through a tunnel made by <a href="Sappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sappers">sappers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 320 Lieutenant <a href="Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, and some 4th Infantry used the bell tower of San Cosme Church south of the causeway to place a mountain <a href="Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 320 On the north side of the road, naval officer <a href="Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Raphael Semmes</a> repeated Grant's successful maneuver.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 320 Lt. George Terrett then led a group of <a href="U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a> behind the Mexican defenders, and climbing to the roof, unleashed a deadly volley on the artillery gunners.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 320 By 6 pm, Worth had broken through the gate, and the defenders scattered, many retreating into the Ciudadela, sweeping Santa Anna along with them.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 320 As night fell, Worth lobbed five <a href="Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> rounds into the city, which fell near the National Palace.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 321

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div>

The capture of Chapultepec was a decisive victory for the U.S. Army, paving the way for the occupation of Mexico City the following day. The fall of Chapultepec also dealt a severe blow to the morale of the Mexican Army with many defecting. General Scott reports that approximately 20,000 Mexican soldiers deserted, leaving only small force.<a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> Scott rapidly advanced toward Mexico City, where the next battle would take place. Santa Anna had 5,000 troops in the Ciudadela (armory) and 7,000 in other parts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 321 He eventually surrendered, and Scott's army took control of the city. Six of Santa Anna's generals were taken prisoner, two of which were executed.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-2">[2]</a>: 321 The generals were Don Antonio Garcia the Captain of the National Guard of Jalapa and Don Ambrosia Alcade the Lieutenant of the 11th infantry regiment.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> There were approximately 3,730 Mexican prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> At 1 am the next day, Scott ordered a withdrawal to <a href="Villa_de_Guadalupe%2C_Mexico_City" title="Villa de Guadalupe, Mexico City">Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> and by 7am, the American flag was flying over the Ciudadela. Mexico City fell on September 14, 1847.<a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> The public outrage against Santa Anna resulted in his leaving the presidency on September 26, 1847, and a provisional government was established. The Mexican–American War finally concluded on February 2, 1848, with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico was forced to cede nearly half of their territory in return for 15 million dollars.  The U.S. buried its dead in a plot of land at the corner of Circuitos Interior and Calzada de Tacubaya. This site was later declared a memorial park by the U.S. government and is now part of the U.S. Embassy grounds.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacies">Legacies</h2></div>

The efforts of the U.S. Marines in this battle and subsequent <a href="Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">occupation of Mexico City</a> are memorialized by the opening lines of the "<a href="Marines'_Hymn" title="Marines' Hymn">Marines' Hymn</a>", "From the Halls of Montezuma...".

Several lower-ranking U.S. Army officers participating in the invasion became key generals on both sides of the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, including <a href="Ulysses_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses Grant">Ulysses Grant</a>, <a href="Daniel_H._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel H. Hill">Daniel H. Hill</a>, <a href="George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">George Pickett</a>, <a href="James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a>, <a href="John_C._Pemberton" title="John C. Pemberton">John C. Pemberton</a>, <a href="Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson</a>, <a href="James_J._Archer" title="James J. Archer">James J. Archer</a>, <a href="P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a>, and <a href="Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>.

U.S. Marine tradition maintains that the red stripe is worn on the trousers of the <a href="Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps#Blue_Dress" title="Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps">blue dress uniform</a>, commonly known as the <a href="Blood_stripe" title="Blood stripe">blood stripe</a>, because many of the Marine NCOs and officers of the detachment died while storming the castle of Chapultepec in 1847. In fact, iterations of the stripe antedate the war. In 1849, the stripes were changed to a solid red from dark blue stripes edged in red, which dated from 1839.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

In Mexico, the battle has a complicated place in historical memory, since the capture of Chapultepec led to the fall of Mexico City to the invaders. The fierce defense of Chapultepec by military cadets at the Military Academy, six of whom are said to have died on heroic last stands when U.S. forces finally breached the castle. The Niños Héroes ("Boy Heroes") were considered martyrs fighting to maintain Mexico's honor as a nation and they are celebrated on September 13th. Their bravery and innocence was lauded in Mexico, as opposed to the Mexican Army generals, particularly Antonio López de Santa Anna, blamed for Mexico's defeat.

In 1871, former cadets who survived the battle established the Association of the Military College. They played an active role in preserving the memory of their fallen comrades, establishing associations and advocating for the recognition of their sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a>

In 1947, President <a href="Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> laid a wreath on the 1881 <a href="Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> of the Niños Héroes as a gesture of goodwill after <a href="Allies_of_World_War_II#Mexico" title="Allies of World War II">Mexico aided the U.S.</a> in <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Battle of Chapultepec by James Walker, 1857</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Attack on the Castle Chapultepec</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Storming of Chapultepec in Mexico</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Attack on Chapultepec, Sept. 13, 1847</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Monument to the six Heroic Cadets, with Chapultepec Castle in the background.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Molino del Rey is on the left. "O" depicts a Mexican battery, "P" an American battery, and "R" is Steptoe's battery.<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Chapultepec" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a>.</div></div>

</div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith1919" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Justin H. (Justin Harvey) (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warwithmexico02smituoft">The war with Mexico</a>. New York: Macmillan. Retrieved 26 September 2018 – via Internet Archive.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bauer-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_2-45">at</a> Bauer, K.J., 1974, The Mexican War, 1846–1848, New York: Macmillan, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0803261071</bdi>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFFuller2007" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, J. F. C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm71348720">Decisive battles of the U.S.A., 1776-1918</a>. Lincoln, Neb: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8032-6003-0</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71348720">71348720</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Sandweiss, Martha A., Rick Stewart, and Ben W. Huseman, Eyewitness to War: Prints and Daguerrotypes of the Mexican War, 1846–1848. Fort Worth TX: Amon Carter Museum of Western Art 1989.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Sandweiss, et al. Eyewitness to War, pp. 301–318.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:3-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFScottJohnson2015" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Winfield; Johnson, Timothy D. (2015). Memoirs of Lieut.-General Winfield Scott. Voices of the Civil War (First ed.). Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-62190-163-1</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Guardino, Peter. The Dead March: A History of the Mexican-American War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2017, pp. 271–272.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRobinson1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Robinson, Cecil, ed. (1989). The View from Chapultepec: Mexican writers on the Mexican-American War (in English and Spanish). Tucson: University of Arizona Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8165-1083-2</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-9">j</a> Wagenen, Michael Scott. The Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.–Mexican War. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 2012, pp. 144–145

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Guardino, The Dead March, pp. 273–274

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEisenhower2018" class="citation book cs1">Eisenhower, John S. D (26 September 2018). So far from God: the U.S. war with Mexico 1846–1848. Easton Press. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50686024">50686024</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> inter alia, Villalpando, José Manuel; Niños Héroes, México DF: Planeta, 2004; Hernández Silva, HC: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jornada.unam.mx/1998/09/13/mas-cuauhtemoc42.html">"¿Quién aventó a Juan Escutla?"</a>, <a href="La_Jornada" title="La Jornada">La Jornada</a>, December 13, 1998; Rosas, Alejandro "Una historia mal contada: Los Niños Héroes", Relatos e Historias en México, year II No. 13, September 2009.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexico501.com/mural-of-cadet-jumping/62/">"Mural of Cadet Jumping"</a>. Mexico 501. 2006-11-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091124221419/http://www.mexico501.com/mural-of-cadet-jumping/62/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFde_la_TejaRobinson1991" class="citation journal cs1">de la Teja, Jesus F.; Robinson, Cecil (February 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/968741">"The View from Chapultepec: Mexican Writers on the Mexican-American War"</a>. The Western Historical Quarterly. 22 (1): 86. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F968741">10.2307/968741</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-3810">0043-3810</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/968741">968741</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091105190956/http://www.usmcmuseum.org/Museum_LoreCorps.asp">"Lore of the Corps"</a>. National Museum of the Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usmcmuseum.org/Museum_LoreCorps.asp">the original</a> on 5 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchogol2010" class="citation web cs1">Schogol, Jeff (October 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stripes.com/blogs-archive/the-rumor-doctor/the-rumor-doctor-1.104348/what-s-the-real-story-of-the-blood-stripe-1.122658">"What's the real story of the "Blood Stripe"?"</a>. Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 26 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPetersWoolley" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12841">"Harry S. Truman: Address in Mexico City"</a>. The American Presidency Project. UCSB. Retrieved 26 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Alcaraz, Ramon et al. Apuntes Para la Historia de la Guerra entre Mexico y los Estados Unidos </li>

<li>Eisenhower, John S. D., Agent of Destiny – The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott </li>

<li>Kendall, George Wilkins. The War Between the United States and Mexico Illustrated. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1851.</li>

<li>Ramsey, Albert C. The Other Side</li>

<li>Sandweiss, Martha A., Rick Stewart, and Ben W. Huseman. Eyewitness to War: Prints and Daguerreotypes of the Mexican War, 1846–1848. Fort Worth: Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, 1989. </li>

<li>Annual Reports 1894, War Department lists trophy guns: 1- 24-pounder bronze, 1- 8 inch howitzer and 2- 4-pounder bronze howitzers.</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a class="external text" href="geo:19.421,-99.182">19°25′16″N 99°10′55″W / 19.421°N 99.182°W / 19.421; -99.182</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/">A Continent Divided: The U.S. – Mexico War</a>, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies and UTA Libraries Special Collections, the University of Texas at Arlington</li>

<li>Scott, Winfield. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050307101405/http://www.dmwv.org/mexwar/documents/mexcity.htm">Official Report</a></li></ul>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chapultepec262" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chapultepec262" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec">Chapultepec</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auditorio_metro_station" title="Auditorio metro station">Auditorio metro station</a></li>

<li><a href="Auditorio_Nacional_(Mexico)" title="Auditorio Nacional (Mexico)">Auditorio Nacional</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztl%C3%A1n_Parque_Urbano" title="Aztlán Parque Urbano">Aztlán Parque Urbano</a></li>

<li>Baths of Chapultepec</li>

<li><a href="Bridge_of_the_Lions" title="Bridge of the Lions">Bridge of the Lions</a></li>

<li><a href="Campo_Marte" title="Campo Marte">Campo Marte</a></li>

<li><a href="C%C3%A1rcamo_de_Dolores" title="Cárcamo de Dolores">Cárcamo de Dolores</a></li>

<li><a href="Casa_del_Lago_Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Arreola" title="Casa del Lago Juan José Arreola">Casa del Lago Juan José Arreola</a></li>

<li><a href="Centro_de_Cultura_Digital" title="Centro de Cultura Digital">Centro de Cultura Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapultepec_Castle" title="Chapultepec Castle">Chapultepec Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapultepec_metro_station" title="Chapultepec metro station">Chapultepec metro station</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapultepec_Peace_Accords" title="Chapultepec Peace Accords">Chapultepec Peace Accords</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapultepec_Zoo" title="Chapultepec Zoo">Chapultepec Zoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Constituyentes_metro_station" title="Constituyentes metro station">Constituyentes metro station</a></li>

<li><a href="El_Sargento" title="El Sargento">El Sargento</a></li>

<li><a href="Estela_de_Luz" title="Estela de Luz">Estela de Luz</a></li>

<li><a href="La_Feria_de_Chapultepec" title="La Feria de Chapultepec">La Feria de Chapultepec</a></li>

<li><a href="Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n_House_and_Studio" title="Luis Barragán House and Studio">Luis Barragán House and Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Memorial_to_Victims_of_Violence_in_Mexico" title="Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico">Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Monta%C3%B1a_Rusa_(La_Feria_Chapultepec_M%C3%A1gico)" title="Montaña Rusa (La Feria Chapultepec Mágico)">Montaña Rusa</a></li>

<li><a href="Monumento_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Monumento a los Niños Héroes">Monumento a los Niños Héroes</a></li>

<li><a href="Museo_de_Arte_Moderno" title="Museo de Arte Moderno">Museo de Arte Moderno</a></li>

<li><a href="Museo_del_Caracol" title="Museo del Caracol">Museo del Caracol</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">National Museum of Anthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Museo_Rufino_Tamayo%2C_Mexico_City" title="Museo Rufino Tamayo, Mexico City">Museo Rufino Tamayo</a></li>

<li><a href="Obelisco_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Obelisco a los Niños Héroes">Obelisco a los Niños Héroes</a></li>

<li><a href="Pante%C3%B3n_de_Dolores" title="Panteón de Dolores">Panteón de Dolores</a></li>

<li><a href="Papalote_Museo_del_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Papalote Museo del Niño">Papalote Museo del Niño</a></li>

<li><a href="Puerta_de_los_Leones" title="Puerta de los Leones">Puerta de los Leones</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(Mexico_City)" title="Statue of Franklin D. Roosevelt (Mexico City)">Statue of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_George_Washington%2C_Mexico_City_(1916)" title="Statue of George Washington, Mexico City (1916)">Statue of George Washington</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Le%C3%B3n_Felipe%2C_Mexico_City" title="Statue of León Felipe, Mexico City">Statue of León Felipe</a></li>

<li><a href="Templanza_Fountain" title="Templanza Fountain">Templanza Fountain</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribuna_Monumental" title="Tribuna Monumental">Tribuna Monumental</a></li>

<li><a href="Guillermo_Valleto's_Handwritten_Letter_to_the_Treasury_Secretary" title="Guillermo Valleto's Handwritten Letter to the Treasury Secretary">Guillermo Valleto's Handwritten Letter to the Treasury Secretary</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapultepec_Park" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Chapultepec Park">Commons</a></li></ul>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536618#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536618#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85022608">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284932805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/3f9b3bb7-47c0-4ca7-afa0-8e61ba4a1c02">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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